and suspended in water (Figure 23.5a) provide a strong interaction resulting in an in­

terfacial property with high sensitivity and careful determination of low amounts of DA.

The biocomposite for detection of DA resulted in comparatively low interfacial im­

pedance (281.46 ± 30.95 Ω at 100 Hz) in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)

analysis (Figure 23.5b), great charge storage capacity (53.94 ± 1.08 µC/cm²) in cyclic

voltammogram (CV) (Figure 23.5c), and presented high sensitivity (69.3 µA/µMcm²) and

selectivity of detection limit (0.008 μM) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV)

characterization technique [33]. Skorupa et al. fabricated PEDOT-based film with tailor­

able properties through doping with PSS, ClO4 (perchlorate), and PF6 (hexafluoropho­

sphate) ions. The resulting film was promising and confirmed to show different

physicochemical properties according to the dopant and doping condition according to

the requirement of the application and tissue interface [34].

23.3.5 PVDF

Flexible pressure sensors made of PVDF are mainly made as a film with nanopatterning,

whereas piezoelectric layers were made of PVDF/BaTiO3 nanocomposite materials [35].

For obtaining high output voltages, β-phase PVDF molecules have been aligned in the

perpendicular direction to the electrode surface by the technique called, poling. In

FIGURE 23.5

Illustration of (a) electro-polymerization of biocomposite flexible sensor, (b) comparative analysis of EIS, and (c)

CV in .1 M phosphate buffer solution of Au, PEDOT:PSS, GO and GO/PEDOT:PSS [ 33]. Copyright (2021) Scientific

Report. The article was printed under a CC-BY license. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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